Lycopene: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (2024)

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Barber, N. J., Zhang, X., Zhu, G., Pramanik, R., Barber, J. A., Martin, F. L., Morris, J. D., and Muir, G. H. Lycopene inhibits DNA synthesis in primary prostate epithelial cells in vitro and its administration is associated with a reduced prostate-specific antigen velocity in a phase II clinical study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic.Dis 2006;9(4):407-413. View abstract.

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Beilby, J., Ambrosini, G. L., Rossi, E., de Klerk, N. H., and Musk, A. W. Serum levels of folate, lycopene, beta-carotene, retinol and vitamin E and prostate cancer risk. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2010;64(10):1235-1238. View abstract.

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Bose, K. S. and Agrawal, B. K. Effect of lycopene from cooked tomatoes on serum antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation rate and lipid profile in coronary heart disease. Singapore Med.J. 2007;48(5):415-420. View abstract.

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Bowen, P., Chen, L., Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M., Duncan, C., Sharifi, R., Ghosh, L., Kim, H. S., Christov-Tzelkov, K., and van Breemen, R. Tomato sauce supplementation and prostate cancer: lycopene accumulation and modulation of biomarkers of carcinogenesis. Exp.Biol.Med (Maywood.) 2002;227(10):886-893. View abstract.

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Breinholt, V., Lauridsen, S. T., Daneshvar, B., and Jakobsen, J. Dose-response effects of lycopene on selected drug-metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes in the rat. Cancer Lett. 6-30-2000;154(2):201-210. View abstract.

Breslow, R. A., Alberg, A. J., Helzlsouer, K. J., Bush, T. L., Norkus, E. P., Morris, J. S., Spate, V. E., and Comstock, G. W. Serological precursors of cancer: malignant melanoma, basal and squamous cell skin cancer, and prediagnostic levels of retinol, beta- carotene, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 1995;4(8):837-842. View abstract.

Briviba, K., Kulling, S. E., Moseneder, J., Watzl, B., Rechkemmer, G., and Bub, A. Effects of supplementing a low-carotenoid diet with a tomato extract for 2 weeks on endogenous levels of DNA single strand breaks and immune functions in healthy non-smokers and smokers. Carcinogenesis 2004;25(12):2373-2378. View abstract.

Brown, L. M., Blot, W. J., Schuman, S. H., Smith, V. M., Ershow, A. G., Marks, R. D., and Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. Environmental factors and high risk of esophageal cancer among men in coastal South Carolina. J Natl.Cancer Inst. 12-21-1988;80(20):1620-1625. View abstract.

Bruemmer, B., White, E., Vaughan, T. L., and Cheney, C. L. Nutrient intake in relation to bladder cancer among middle-aged men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 9-1-1996;144(5):485-495. View abstract.

Bueno de Mesquita, H. B., Maisonneuve, P., Runia, S., and Moerman, C. J. Intake of foods and nutrients and cancer of the exocrine pancreas: a population-based case-control study in The Netherlands. Int J Cancer 6-19-1991;48(4):540-549. View abstract.

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Bunker, C. H., McDonald, A. C., Evans, R. W., de la, Rosa N., Boumosleh, J. M., and Patrick, A. L. A randomized trial of lycopene supplementation in Tobago men with high prostate cancer risk. Nutr Cancer 2007;57(2):130-137. View abstract.

Burney, P. G., Comstock, G. W., and Morris, J. S. Serologic precursors of cancer: serum micronutrients and the subsequent risk of pancreatic cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49(5):895-900. View abstract.

Burri, B. J., Neidlinger, T. R., and Clifford, A. J. Serum carotenoid depletion follows first-order kinetics in healthy adult women fed naturally low carotenoid diets. J Nutr 2001;131(8):2096-2100. View abstract.

Candelora, E. C., Stockwell, H. G., Armstrong, A. W., and Pinkham, P. A. Dietary intake and risk of lung cancer in women who never smoked. Nutr Cancer 1992;17(3):263-270. View abstract.

Carmody, J. F., Olendzki, B. C., Merriam, P. A., Liu, Q., Qiao, Y., and Ma, Y. A novel measure of dietary change in a prostate cancer dietary program incorporating mindfulness training. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(11):1822-1827. View abstract.

Carroll, Y. L., Corridan, B. M., and Morrissey, P. A. Lipoprotein carotenoid profiles and the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modification in healthy elderly volunteers. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2000;54(6):500-507. View abstract.

Centonze, S., Boeing, H., Leoci, C., Guerra, V., and Misciagna, G. Dietary habits and colorectal cancer in a low-risk area. Results from a population-based case-control study in southern Italy. Nutr Cancer 1994;21(3):233-246. View abstract.

Cerhan J, Chiu B, Putnam S, and et al. A cohort study of diet and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidem Biomark Preven 1998;7:175.

Chandra, R. V., Prabhuji, M. L., Roopa, D. A., Ravirajan, S., and Kishore, H. C. Efficacy of lycopene in the treatment of gingivitis: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Oral Health Prev.Dent 2007;5(4):327-336. View abstract.

Chandra, R. V., Sandhya, Y. P., Nagarajan, S., Reddy, B. H., Naveen, A., and Murthy, K. R. Efficacy of lycopene as a locally delivered gel in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: smokers vs nonsmokers. Quintessence.Int 2012;43(5):401-411. View abstract.

Chen, L., Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M., Duncan, C., Sharifi, R., Ghosh, L., van Breemen, R., Ashton, D., and Bowen, P. E. Oxidative DNA damage in prostate cancer patients consuming tomato sauce- based entrees as a whole-food intervention. J Natl.Cancer Inst. 12-19-2001;93(24):1872-1879. View abstract.

Cho, H., Kim, M. K., Lee, J. K., Son, S. K., Lee, K. B., Lee, J. M., Lee, J. P., Hur, S. Y., and Kim, J. H. Relationship of serum antioxidant micronutrients and sociodemographic factors to cervical neoplasia: a case-control study. Clin.Chem.Lab Med. 2009;47(8):1005-1012. View abstract.

Chole, R. H., Gondivkar, S. M., Gadbail, A. R., Balsaraf, S., Chaudhary, S., Dhore, S. V., Ghonmode, S., Balwani, S., Mankar, M., Tiwari, M., and Parikh, R. V. Review of drug treatment of oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Oncol 2012;48(5):393-398. View abstract.

Chong, E. W., Wong, T. Y., Kreis, A. J., Simpson, J. A., and Guymer, R. H. Dietary antioxidants and primary prevention of age related macular degeneration: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 10-13-2007;335(7623):755. View abstract.

Chopra, M., O'Neill, M. E., Keogh, N., Wortley, G., Southon, S., and Thurnham, D. I. Influence of increased fruit and vegetable intake on plasma and lipoprotein carotenoids and LDL oxidation in smokers and nonsmokers. Clin.Chem. 2000;46(11):1818-1829. View abstract.

Clark, P. E., Hall, M. C., Borden, L. S., Jr., Miller, A. A., Hu, J. J., Lee, W. R., Stindt, D., D'Agostino, R., Jr., Lovato, J., Harmon, M., and Torti, F. M. Phase I-II prospective dose-escalating trial of lycopene in patients with biochemical relapse of prostate cancer after definitive local therapy. Urology 2006;67(6):1257-1261. View abstract.

Clinton SK, Emenhiser C, Giovannucci EL, and et al. Cis-trans isomers of lycopene in the human prostate: a role in cancer prevention? FASEB J 1995;9:A442.

Clinton, S. K. Lycopene: chemistry, biology, and implications for human health and disease. Nutr Rev. 1998;56(2 Pt 1):35-51. View abstract.

Cohen, L. A., Zhao, Z., Pittman, B., and Khachik, F. Effect of dietary lycopene on N-methylnitrosourea-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Nutr Cancer 1999;34(2):153-159. View abstract.

Colditz, G. A., Branch, L. G., Lipnick, R. J., Willett, W. C., Rosner, B., Posner, B. M., and Hennekens, C. H. Increased green and yellow vegetable intake and lowered cancer deaths in an elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr 1985;41(1):32-36. View abstract.

Collins, J. K., Arjmandi, B. H., Claypool, P. L., Perkins-Veazie, P., Baker, R. A., and Clevidence, B. A. Lycopene from two food sources does not affect antioxidant or cholesterol status of middle-aged adults. Nutr.J. 9-15-2004;3:15. View abstract.

Comstock, G. W., Alberg, A. J., Huang, H. Y., Wu, K., Burke, A. E., Hoffman, S. C., Norkus, E. P., Gross, M., Cutler, R. G., Morris, J. S., Spate, V. L., and Helzlsouer, K. J. The risk of developing lung cancer associated with antioxidants in the blood: ascorbic acid, carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, and total peroxyl radical absorbing capacity. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(11):907-916. View abstract.

Cook-Mozaffari, P. J., Azordegan, F., Day, N. E., Ressicaud, A., Sabai, C., and Aramesh, B. Oesophageal cancer studies in the Caspian Littoral of Iran: results of a case-control study. Br.J Cancer 1979;39(3):293-309. View abstract.

Correa, P., Fontham, E., Pickle, L. W., Chen, V., Lin, Y. P., and Haenszel, W. Dietary determinants of gastric cancer in south Louisiana inhabitants. J Natl.Cancer Inst. 1985;75(4):645-654. View abstract.

Corridan BM, O'Donoghue M, Hughes DA, and et al. Low-dose supplementation with lycopene or beta-carotene does not enhance cell-mediated immunity in healthy free-living elderly humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001;55(8):627-635.

Cronin, K. A., Krebs-Smith, S. M., Feuer, E. J., Troiano, R. P., and Ballard-Barbash, R. Evaluating the impact of population changes in diet, physical activity, and weight status on population risk for colon cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2001;12(4):305-316. View abstract.

De Stefani, E., Oreggia, F., Boffetta, P., Deneo-Pellegrini, H., Ronco, A., and Mendilaharsu, M. Tomatoes, tomato-rich foods, lycopene and cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract: a case-control in Uruguay. Oral Oncol. 2000;36(1):47-53. View abstract.

de Vet, H. C., Knipschild, P. G., Grol, M. E., Schouten, H. J., and Sturmans, F. The role of beta-carotene and other dietary factors in the aetiology of cervical dysplasia: results of a case-control study. Int J Epidemiol. 1991;20(3):603-610. View abstract.

Denniss, S. G., Haffner, T. D., Kroetsch, J. T., Davidson, S. R., Rush, J. W., and Hughson, R. L. Effect of short-term lycopene supplementation and postprandial dyslipidemia on plasma antioxidants and biomarkers of endothelial health in young, healthy individuals. Vasc.Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(1):213-222. View abstract.

Devaraj, S., Mathur, S., Basu, A., Aung, H. H., Vasu, V. T., Meyers, S., and Jialal, I. A dose-response study on the effects of purified lycopene supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 2008;27(2):267-273. View abstract.

Dherani, M., Murthy, G. V., Gupta, S. K., Young, I. S., Maraini, G., Camparini, M., Price, G. M., John, N., Chakravarthy, U., and Fletcher, A. E. Blood levels of vitamin C, carotenoids and retinol are inversely associated with cataract in a North Indian population. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2008;49(8):3328-3335. View abstract.

Di Giacomo, C., Acquaviva, R., Sorrenti, V., Vanella, A., Grasso, S., Barcellona, M. L., Galvano, F., Vanella, L., and Renis, M. Oxidative and antioxidant status in plasma of runners: effect of oral supplementation with natural antioxidants. J.Med.Food 2009;12(1):145-150. View abstract.

Di Mascio, P., Kaiser, S., and Sies, H. Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. Arch.Biochem.Biophys. 11-1-1989;274(2):532-538. View abstract.

Dorgan, J. F., Sowell, A., Swanson, C. A., Potischman, N., Miller, R., Schussler, N., and Stephenson, H. E., Jr. Relationships of serum carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium with breast cancer risk: results from a prospective study in Columbia, Missouri (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1998;9(1):89-97. View abstract.

Dugas, T. R., Morel, D. W., and Harrison, E. H. Dietary supplementation with beta-carotene, but not with lycopene, inhibits endothelial cell-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. Free Radic.Biol.Med 1999;26(9-10):1238-1244. View abstract.

Edinger, M. S. and Koff, W. J. Effect of the consumption of tomato paste on plasma prostate-specific antigen levels in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia. Braz.J Med Biol Res 2006;39(8):1115-1119. View abstract.

Eichler, O., Sies, H., and Stahl, W. Divergent optimum levels of lycopene, beta-carotene and lutein protecting against UVB irradiation in human fibroblastst. Photochem.Photobiol. 2002;75(5):503-506. View abstract.

Eliassen, A. H., Hendrickson, S. J., Brinton, L. A., Buring, J. E., Campos, H., Dai, Q., Dorgan, J. F., Franke, A. A., Gao, Y. T., Goodman, M. T., Hallmans, G., Helzlsouer, K. J., Hoffman-Bolton, J., Hulten, K., Sesso, H. D., Sowell, A. L., Tamimi, R. M., Toniolo, P., Wilkens, L. R., Winkvist, A., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., Zheng, W., and Hankinson, S. E. Circulating carotenoids and risk of breast cancer: pooled analysis of eight prospective studies. J Natl.Cancer Inst. 12-19-2012;104(24):1905-1916. View abstract.

Ellinger, S., Ellinger, J., Muller, S. C., and Stehle, P. [Tomatoes and lycopene in prevention and therapy--is there an evidence for prostate diseases?]. Aktuelle Urol. 2009;40(1):37-43. View abstract.

Falk, B., Gorev, R., Zigel, L., Ben Amotz, A., and Neuman, I. Effect of lycopene supplementation on lung function after exercise in young athletes who complain of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction symptoms. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005;94(4):480-485. View abstract.

Farges, M. C., Minet-Quinard, R., Walrand, S., Thivat, E., Ribalta, J., Winklhofer-Roob, B., Rock, E., and Vasson, M. P. Immune status is more affected by age than by carotenoid depletion-repletion in healthy human subjects. Br J Nutr 12-14-2012;108(11):2054-2065. View abstract.

Fedorowicz, Z., Chan Shih-Yen, E., Dorri, M., Nasser, M., Newton, T., and Shi, L. Interventions for the management of oral submucous fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(4):CD007156. View abstract.

Ferris-Tortajada, J., Berbel-Tornero, O., Garcia-Castell, J., Ortega-Garcia, J. A., and Lopez-Andreu, J. A. [Dietetic factors associated with prostate cancer: protective effects of Mediterranean diet]. Actas Urol.Esp. 2012;36(4):239-245. View abstract.

Flood V, Smith W, Wang JJ, and et al. Dietary antioxidant intake and incidence of early age-related maculopathy. Ophthalmology 2002;109(12):2272-2278.

Forman, M. R., Yao, S. X., Graubard, B. I., Qiao, Y. L., McAdams, M., Mao, B. L., and Taylor, P. R. The effect of dietary intake of fruits and vegetables on the odds ratio of lung cancer among Yunnan tin miners. Int J Epidemiol. 1992;21(3):437-441. View abstract.

Franceschi, S., Bidoli, E., Baron, A. E., Barra, S., Talamini, R., Serraino, D., and La Vecchia, C. Nutrition and cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx in north-east Italy. Int J Cancer 1-2-1991;47(1):20-25. View abstract.

Franceschi, S., Bidoli, E., La Vecchia, C., Talamini, R., D'Avanzo, B., and Negri, E. Tomatoes and risk of digestive-tract cancers. Int.J Cancer 10-15-1994;59(2):181-184. View abstract.

Franceschi, S., Favero, A., La Vecchia, C., Negri, E., Conti, E., Montella, M., Giacosa, A., Nanni, O., and Decarli, A. Food groups and risk of colorectal cancer in Italy. Int J Cancer 7-3-1997;72(1):56-61. View abstract.

Freudenheim, J. L., Graham, S., Marshall, J. R., Haughey, B. P., and Wilkinson, G. A case-control study of diet and rectal cancer in western New York. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;131(4):612-624. View abstract.

Fuhrman, B., Elis, A., and Aviram, M. Hypocholesterolemic effect of lycopene and beta-carotene is related to suppression of cholesterol synthesis and augmentation of LDL receptor activity in macrophages. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 4-28-1997;233(3):658-662. View abstract.

Fuhrman, B., Volkova, N., Rosenblat, M., and Aviram, M. Lycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E, glabridin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, or garlic. Antioxid.Redox.Signal. 2000;2(3):491-506. View abstract.

Gallicchio, L., Boyd, K., Matanoski, G., Tao, X. G., Chen, L., Lam, T. K., Shiels, M., Hammond, E., Robinson, K. A., Caulfield, L. E., Herman, J. G., Guallar, E., and Alberg, A. J. Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;88(2):372-383. View abstract.

Gee, A. C., Kiraly, L., McCarthy, M. S., and Martindale, R. Nutrition support and therapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Curr Gastroenterol.Rep 2012;14(4):349-355. View abstract.

Gerster, H. The potential role of lycopene for human health. J Am Coll.Nutr 1997;16(2):109-126. View abstract.

Gianetti, J., Pedrinelli, R., Petrucci, R., Lazzerini, G., De Caterina, M., Bellomo, G., and De Caterina, R. Inverse association between carotid intima-media thickness and the antioxidant lycopene in atherosclerosis. Am Heart J 2002;143(3):467-474. View abstract.

Giovannucci, E. and Clinton, S. K. Tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer. Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med 1998;218(2):129-139. View abstract.

Gonzalez, C. A., Sanz, J. M., Marcos, G., Pita, S., Brullet, E., Saigi, E., Badia, A., and Riboli, E. Dietary factors and stomach cancer in Spain: a multi-centre case- control study. Int J Cancer 10-21-1991;49(4):513-519. View abstract.

Goyal, A., Chopra, M., Lwaleed, B. A., Birch, B., and Cooper, A. J. The effects of dietary lycopene supplementation on human seminal plasma. BJU.Int 2007;99(6):1456-1460. View abstract.

Graham, S., Haughey, B., Marshall, J., Brasure, J., Zielezny, M., Freudenheim, J., West, D., Nolan, J., and Wilkinson, G. Diet in the epidemiology of gastric cancer. Nutr Cancer 1990;13(1-2):19-34. View abstract.

Grainger, E. M., Schwartz, S. J., Wang, S., Unlu, N. Z., Boileau, T. W., Ferketich, A. K., Monk, J. P., Gong, M. C., Bahnson, R. R., DeGroff, V. L., and Clinton, S. K. A combination of tomato and soy products for men with recurring prostate cancer and rising prostate specific antigen. Nutr Cancer 2008;60(2):145-154. View abstract.

Greul, A. K., Grundmann, J. U., Heinrich, F., Pfitzner, I., Bernhardt, J., Ambach, A., Biesalski, H. K., and Gollnick, H. Photoprotection of UV-irradiated human skin: an antioxidative combination of vitamins E and C, carotenoids, selenium and proanthocyanidins. Skin Pharmacol Appl.Skin Physiol 2002;15(5):307-315. View abstract.

Gupta, N. P. and Kumar, R. Lycopene therapy in idiopathic male infertility--a preliminary report. Int Urol Nephrol. 2002;34(3):369-372. View abstract.

Hadley, C. W., Clinton, S. K., and Schwartz, S. J. The consumption of processed tomato products enhances plasma lycopene concentrations in association with a reduced lipoprotein sensitivity to oxidative damage. J Nutr 2003;133(3):727-732. View abstract.

Harris, R. W., Key, T. J., Silcocks, P. B., Bull, D., and Wald, N. J. A case-control study of dietary carotene in men with lung cancer and in men with other epithelial cancers. Nutr Cancer 1991;15(1):63-68. View abstract.

Haseen, F., Cantwell, M. M., O'Sullivan, J. M., and Murray, L. J. Is there a benefit from lycopene supplementation in men with prostate cancer? A systematic review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic.Dis. 2009;12(4):325-332. View abstract.

Heinrich, U., Gartner, C., Wiebusch, M., Eichler, O., Sies, H., Tronnier, H., and Stahl, W. Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema. J Nutr 2003;133(1):98-101. View abstract.

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Lycopene: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (2024)

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